"Green Card" was created in Europe in 50 years to facilitate unrestricted movement of vehicles across borders, as well as for compensation to the victims of accidents involving vehicles have entered the country. To date, the number of participants in the system increased from 13 to 44 countries. In "Green Card" includes virtually all European, as well as a number of Mediterranean and North African countries.
The International System "Green Card" appeared in 1953, after most European countries have adopted laws on compulsory insurance of civil liability of vehicle owners. The first policies were mandatory avtostrahovok green - hence the name. Subsequently, it was used in the system of international treaties on mutual recognition of the policy of compulsory insurance avtograzhdanki.Currently, "green card" is a prerequisite for the entry of foreign citizens on the cars to the countries included in this system.
Little about the price of "Driver"
For example, in Germany, the car owner of a golf class, which in three years did not get in an accident, pays for the policy 1000-1200 euros per year. For more expensive cars insurance costs from 3700 euros per year. In Italy, the cost of "Driver" depends not only on the class of car, engine, driver's experience, but even of their sex - women have discounts, it is believed that they drive more carefully.
Today, compulsory auto insurance liability operates in 45 U.S. states. In five states the existence of such insurance is not necessary - in the remaining state law requires the driver to the presence of at least a minimum benefit package. It is worth it, depending on where the driver's home from $ 500 to $ 1000 per year. However, insurance conditions, in particular, the minimum amount of insurance coverage and the value of insurance premiums, vary widely from state to state. In one state, the car owner is not even able to register without compulsory insurance in another - with you no one is required to provide insurance to the first accident or offense. Tariffs on auto insurance in the U.S. beyond the control of the state and most often determined by the insurance companies. The amount of annual fee calculated on a complex scheme of points and bonuses, taking into account the cost of the car and the insurance history of the driver for the past year.
The main parameters of insurance coverage, which provides insurance in the U.S., are determined by three numbers: the value of the maximum compensation for physical and moral damages for each victim, the amount of payments to all injured in the accident and the amount for compensation of material damage. Depending on the state minimum sum of insurance compensation can range from $ 10 tys./20 th / 5 th in Mississippi to $ 50 tys./100 tys./25 thousand in Maine.
Insurance rates are generally set at the state level. Moreover, in most countries, third party liability insurance is carried by only one state company. In Eastern Europe, to determine the limit of liability each country went its own way. In the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary established a mandatory unlimited coverage, ie third party liability insurance policy there is always and completely covers the damages caused to third parties. In Poland, Croatia and Slovenia, the minimum coverage is comparable to the real cost of disaster repair the vehicle and the price of medical services. And here in Latvia and Ukraine established level of minimum coverage is extremely low and does not provide adequate compensation to victims.
Cover the losses of individuals in the "Green Card" is unlimited in Belgium, France, Ireland, Luxembourg, the United Kingdom, Finland and Norway. In other countries the coverage is not uniform: more than $ 36 million - in Sweden, more than $ 10 million - in Denmark, about $ 2 million - in Switzerland, $ 1 million - in the Netherlands, $ 880 thousand - in Italy, $ 580 thousand - Germany, $ 113 thousand - in Spain. Everywhere coverage applies to damage caused by passengers carried, including family members responsible insurer. Coverage of property damage are not limited to Belgium and Luxembourg. In other countries, limits are also very scattered. Starting at $ 36 million - in Sweden to $ 32 thousand - in Spain. Among them are: Denmark and Switzerland - about $ 2 million, Austria - U.S. $ 900 thousand, France - $ 511 thousand, United Kingdom - $ 370 thousand, Germany - $ 231 thousand
In many countries (eg Belgium, Ireland, United Kingdom, Finland and Spain) there are no special provisions to determine responsibility motorists. Responsibility of the driver by the provisions of the Penal Code and is based on the principle of culpability, which must be proved by the plaintiff. In contrast, many other countries adopted a special regulation, which exempts the victim from having to prove fault driver. System based on the alleged guilt - in Italy with strict liability - in Austria, Denmark, France, Greece, Norway, Sweden, in certain cases, within the limit of the sums in some countries (Germany), and only for bodily injury (in Spain and Finland ).
Almost all markets in the "Green Card" organized system "discounts / allowances" to the prize for passing a bad policy, which allows you to raise or reduce the award based on alleged insurer of road accidents (a system of bonus-malus). The maximum coefficient of increase vary greatly from country to country (from +65% to +250%), as well as the reduction factors, ranging from -20% to -75%. In all countries, the government or social agencies charge a fee to the insurance premiums of compulsory civil liability on different interest rates (which can reach 50%, such as in Denmark).
Everywhere except the United Kingdom, the third parties were injured, have the right of direct action against the insurer defendants. In principle, the insured must as soon as possible to declare a road accident to his insurer. The application must be made within 3 days in Italy, 5 days - in France, 7 days - in Spain and 8 days - in Belgium. In Belgium - based on the commitments made by insurers in France - through the legislation of compulsory civil liability insurer must make to the victims in traffic accidents and injuries and a proposal for compensation or pre-payment of damages, within three months after a road accident.
It is worth noting that even in countries where such obligations in the legislation or the contract does not specify terms of liquidation of the majority of losses are relatively short. Thus, in Germany 75% of cases (property damage and / or injury) compensation occurs within two months after the road accident, and 85% of cases - within six months.
In some countries (Belgium, Italy, Netherlands, United Kingdom, etc.), trade unions, insurers have created bodies of reconciliation OMBUDSMAN, to try to resolve disputes that may arise between the insured and third parties affected by the accident. In general, traffic accidents are rarely the cause of court action against the insurer, in any case, because of property damage, which in most cases settled by peaceful means.
In some countries, "Green Card" (for example, Belgium, Netherlands, United Kingdom), insurance agents are the main distributors of car insurance. In Germany, Austria, Spain, Italy and Switzerland are mainly insurance agents associated with insurance companies. In France, car insurance is distributed through, or linked with insurance companies representatives, or directly through insurance companies, without intermediaries. " In the Nordic countries, except relating to insurance companies representatives, auto insurance is sold directly by the insurer or the sellers of road transport (in Norway and Sweden) as well as through insurance agents, whose role is increasing in Denmark and Finland. Finally, we emphasize the importance of new methods of sale (direct sale by telephone), which are becoming more common, along with new forms of control motor insurance, using the best features the latest technology in computer science.
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